WWU students present their research at the 2020 Northwest Linguistics Conference

The Department of Linguistics would like to recognize the hard work of its students and alumni who presented at the 2020 Northwest Linguistics Conference, April 25-26. The conference, hosted by the University of Washington, moved to an entirely online format following social distancing guidelines related to the Covid-19 outbreak. All presentations from the conference can be viewed online here.

Kathryn Pence, “Appearance of Semantic Primes in Lushootseed” 

ABSTRACT: Semantic primes are lexicalized concepts represented in every language that are innate to the speaker. These concepts, introduced by Anna Wierzbicka, are universal and are, as Wierzbicka claims, “the elements which can be used to define the meaning of words (or any other meanings) but cannot be defined themselves,” (2004). Since Wierzbicka’s original claim, many more semantic primes have been added to this list of terms, which now contains 65 different universally accepted concepts including the word ‘moment’. The concept behind ‘moment’ is thought to be lexicalized in every language to exist; however, it does not seem to appear in Lushootseed, a Native American language belonging to the Salishan family. The term ‘moment’ does not appear in any of the following: *Lushootseed Dictionary *by Dawn Bates, Thom Hess and Vi Hilbert, *Lushootseed Book 1 *by Thom Hess and Vi Hilbert, and *Glossary to Accompany Lushootseed Reader with Intermediate Grammar Volume II *by Thom Hess. Other primes relating to this idea of time exist within the language, such as ‘a long time’ and ‘now’, but ‘moment’ does not appear nor do any synonyms. This presentation will explain what semantic primes are, studies the behaviors and functions of some semantic primes in Lushootseed and explores why ‘moment’ may not be a part of this language.

Nancy Brill and Brahm van Woerden, presenting for the research team Kirsten Drickey, Jordan Sandoval, Autumn Weis, Ellen Golden, María José Palacios Figueroa, “Methods of Phonological Training and its Effects on L2 Production and Confidence”

ABSTRACT: In a faculty-led assessment carried out in a Spanish phonetics course, students demonstrated fossilized English transfer features interfering with their production and perception of native-like Spanish. In response, a team of linguistics and Spanish-language faculty have involved upper-division Spanish and Linguistics students in the development and delivery of pedagogical materials that give intermediate-level students explicit Spanish pronunciation instruction at the 200-level.

In this presentation, we offer an introduction to this phonetics curriculum and report our findings with regard to changes in student productions, measured using recordings from the start and close of the academic term. After completing the vowels curriculum, student recordings showed reduction of English transfer features, and students reported greater confidence in understanding native-like Spanish speech and an improved ability to assess and practice their own productions.

Emily Hillman “Question: Can we talk about this discourse marker?”

ABSTRACT: This project examines the function of the word ‘question’ in a variety of contexts and introduces the novel term to the growing and flexible class of discourse markers. Discourse markers are function words that contribute to discourse coherence. They connect ideas, situate an utterance within a broader context, and signal the relationship between discourse segments (Fraser 1999).

Based on the criteria outlined above, it appears that ‘question’ performs a similar function. In most contexts, ‘question’ initiates and/or interrupts discourse, often signaling a change in the topic of conversation. It also alerts the listener that a response is desired, even when followed by a declarative sentence. The discourse marker indicates the illocutionary force of the upcoming utterance. Lastly, it softens the delivery of a question in a context where an asymmetrical power relationship is evident. This close examination of the varied uses of ‘question’ situates the term among discourse markers and reveals the unique behavior of this newly emerging discourse marker in relation to the behavior of those that have been long established.

Graham Blair, “Queer and Trans Terms of Endearment in BDSM Erotica”

ABSTRACT: Research on vocative use and terms of endearment in BDSM erotica has shown connections to power and politeness (Dwyer 2007), but has yet to reveal vocative use in queer spaces. Using Dwyer’s framework to examine term use in an anthology of explicitly queer and trans erotica (Taormino 2011) has revealed mainly similarities and few differences, though does suggest the need for different categorization of terms.

Dwyer (2007) examines BDSM erotica that, while including a certain amount of queer relationships, is primarily cisgender and heterosexual. The author identifies 13 different categories for organizing terms by their base term, but data from Taormino (2011) suggests that these categories are inconsistent. Koller (2012) and Motschenbacher & Stegu (2013) all argue for the construction of queer identity through language, via both written work and natural speech. Bauer (2008) identifies BDSM as another means by which to construct queer identity, and together with Dwyer (2007) the literature suggests that language, queerness, and BDSM may work together to contribute to the construction of queer identity.

The analysis presented here reveals that queer vocative use in BDSM erotica is predominantly similar to cisgender and heterosexual use, especially in regard to complex terms and “Yes, Sir” patterns. A key difference is evidence for inconsistency within the age terms category, which points to terms being best categorized according to use and not conventional word definition. Given that both works look only at the written word, any similar patterns may only be superficial. This suggests further research is necessary to examine how real queer and BDSM-aligned individuals assign meaning to term use, both for the purpose of creating the headspace for BDSM play and for affirming one’s gender and/or sexuality.

Grace deMeurisse, ‘"Ah, I gotchu!: the grammaticalization of 'gotchu' in Present-Day English (PDE)"’

ABSTRACT: This study utilizes quantitative research methods in performing a diachronic analysis of the grammaticalization of “gotchu” in Present-Day-English (PDE). Current literature in the field of grammaticalization has focused heavily on “get” and the grammaticalization thereof (Gronemeyer, 1999); crucially, the literature regarding the grammaticalization of “gotchu”, a newly developed and continually evolving slang term, remains under-researched. Methodological approaches to this analysis include extensive review of corpora: specifically, I utilize Brigham Young University’s Global Web Based English (GloWbE), iWeb, Corpus of Historical American English (COHA), Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), and additionally, I have extracted data from Twitter using advanced Twitter searches analyzing the usage of the term “gotchu” in its various available contexts. Drawing off of 300 cumulative pre-selected instances of “got + you” and ‘gotchu” I have coded them for their syntactic, morphosyntactic, morphophonological, semantic, and discourse-pragmatic development and performed token frequency analyses. Additionally, I analyze the generalization and bleaching, persistence, and layering of the hypothesized grammatical form ‘gotchu’s’ lexical and grammatical function. Preliminary analyses indicate that ‘gotchu’ has become more morphologically bound and more polysemous; its increased polysemies have facilitated its wider syntactic scope. Notable evidence for its wider syntactic scope includes its usage with a null syntactic subject (ø.subj.) which facilitates a wider range of subjects for the listener to interpret. This supports my key argument that ‘gotchu’ evolved into a discourse-particle at the turn of the 21st century.